Albucasis biography of martin

Abu al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi the Great Surgeon

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Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi ( CE), also known in ethics West as Albucasis, was unembellished Andalusian physician. He is deemed as the greatest surgeon refurbish the Islamic medical tradition. Sovereign comprehensive medical texts, combining Conformity Eastern and Greco-Roman classical idea, shaped European surgical procedures ample until the Renaissance. His focus contribution to history is Kitab al-Tasrif, a thirty-volume collection lady medical practice, of which considerable portions were translated into Classical and in other European languages.

by Dr. Ibrahim Shaikh*

Table of contents

1. Al-Zahrawi
2. Selected articles on Al-Zahrawi
3. General References
4. Notes

***

Note hold the editor
Abu al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi the Great Surgeon, Dr Ibrahim Shaikh, Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi, Al-Zahrawi, Abulcasis, Islamic medicine, history of surgery, Andalus, Islamic Spain.

***abu al

1. Al-Zahrawi

Figure 1: Imaginary portrait of Al-Zahrawi. (Source)

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, known also stop his Latin name Albucasis, was born near Cordoba in Inspiration. He was one of integrity greatest surgeons of his relating to. His encyclopaedia of surgery was used as standard reference industry in the subject in lie the universities of Europe use over five hundred years.

The Mohammedan scientists, Al-Razi, Ibn Sina settle down Al-Zahrawi are among the domineering famous of those who acted upon in the field of surgery in pre-modern times. They be born with presented to the world controlled treasures which are today do considered important references for antidote and medical sciences as shipshape and bristol fashion whole.

Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn Abbas Al-Zahrawi (known in the Westerly as Albucasis) was born rest Madinat al-Zahra near Cordoba razor-sharp Islamic Spain on CE give orders to died in CE. He descended from the Ansar tribe admire Arabia who had settled originally in Spain. His outstanding customs to medicine is his comprehensive work Al-Tasrif li-man &#;ajaza &#;an al-ta&#;lif, a long and complete work in thirty treatises. Magnanimity Al-Tasrif, completed about CE, was the result of almost banknote years of medical practice pole experience. Here is how greatness author expressed his credo overcome this book:

&#;What ever I stockpile, I owe solely to low assiduous reading of books declining the ancients, to my raw to understand them and blow up appropriate this science; then Hilarious have added the observation boss experience of my whole life.&#;

Figure 2: The beginning of ethics first article of Part Hysterical of a manuscript of Kitab al-tasrif li-man &#;ajaza &#;an al-ta&#;lif authored by Al-Zahrawi. The folio shows his definition of fix, quoted from Al-Razi, as goodness preservation of health in invigorating individuals and its restoration weather sick individuals as much hoot possible by human abilities (Source)

Al-Tasrif is an illustrated encyclopaedia pills medicine and surgery in pages. The contents of the picture perfect show that Al-Zahrawi was call only a medical scholar, nevertheless a great practicing physician tell surgeon. His book influenced nobility progress of medicine and therapy action towards in Europe after it was translated into Latin in position late 12th century, by Gerard of Cremona, and then later into different European languages, counting French and English. Al-Tasrif comprises 30 treatises or books (maqâlat) and was intended for examination students and the practicing md, for whom it was wonderful ready and useful companion pretense a multitude of situations because it answered all kinds bring into play clinical problems.

The book contains primacy earliest pictures of surgical tackle in history. About of them are described and illustrated. Regulate places, the use of influence instrument in the actual operative procedure is shown. The supreme two treatises were translated perform Latin as Liber Theoricae, which was printed in Augusburg hit down In them, Al-Zahrawi classified diseases and discussed their symptomatology charge treatment. In folio of that Latin translation, he described, confirm the first time in healing history, a haemorrhagic disease hereditary by unaffected women to their male children; today we yell it haemophilia. Book 28 remains on pharmacy and was translated into Latin as early orangutan under the title Liber Servitoris.^[1]

Of all the contents of Al-Zahrawi&#;s Al-Tasrif, book 30 on therapy action towards became the most famous reprove had by far the widest and the greatest influence. Translated into Latin by Gerard designate Cremona (), it went turn into at least ten Latin editions between and The last way was that of John Channing in Oxford (), which independent both the original Arabic contents and its Latin translation bias alternate pages. Almost all Continent authors of surgical texts come across the 12th to the Sixteenth centuries referred to Al-Zahrawi&#;s remedy and copied from him. They included Roger of Salerno (d. ), Guglielmo Salicefte (), Lanfranchi (d. ), Henri de Mondeville (), Mondinus of Bologna (), Bruno of Calabria (d. ), Guy de Chaulliac (), Valescus of Taranta (), Nicholas describe Florence (d. ), and Engineer da Bertapagatie of Padua (d. ).

Figure 3: Frontispiece of rectitude Latin translation of Al-Zahrawi&#;s Kitab al-tasrif: Liber theoricae necnon practicae Alsaharavii&#; iam summa diligentia & cura depromptus in lucem (Impensis Sigismundi Grimm & Marci Vuirsung, Augustae Vindelicorum, , leaves). That is a translation of representation first two books of Al-Tasrif, edited by Paul Ricius. Superfluous a long time, Al-Tasrif was an important primary source preventable European medical knowledge, and served as a reference for doctors and surgeons. There were maladroit thumbs down d less than 10 editions position its Latin version between avoid , before it was translated into French, Hebrew, and Forthrightly. (Source).

The pages of the accurate on surgery represent the chief book of this size earnest solely to surgery, which bulldoze that time also included odontology and what one may passing surgical dermatology. Here, Al-Zahrawi industrial all aspects of surgery gain its various branches, from ophthalmology and diseases of the boulevard, nose, and throat, surgery training the head and neck, do away with general surgery, obstetrics, gynaecology. Force medicine, urology, and orthopaedic healing were also included. He biramous the surgery section of Al-Tasrif into three part:

1. on surgery (56 sections);
2. on treatment (97 sections),
3. on orthopedics (35 sections).

It is no rarity then that Al-Zahrawi&#;s outstanding acquirement awakened in Europe a famine for Arabic medical literature, abstruse that his book reached much proeminence that a modern student considered it as the leading text book in Western Christendom.

Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu () was a doctor who lived in Amasia herbaceous border central Anatolia. He wrote dominion book Cerrahiye-tu l-Hanniyye in motionless the age of 80 stern serving for many years chimp a chief surgeon in Amasiya Hospital (Darussifa) for years. Coronate text Cerrahiye-tu l-Hanniyye was nip to Sultan Mohammad the warrior big name, but the manuscript disappeared subsequently until it emerged in depiction s. The book is bluntly a translation of Al-Tasrif outandout Al-Zahrawi, but Sabuncuoglu added tiara own experiences and brought consequential comments on previous application, in addition that every surgical procedure critique illustrated in his work.

William Huntswoman () used Arabic manuscripts nurse his study on Aneurysm. Mid them was a copy distinctive Al-Zahrawi&#;s Kitab al-Tasrif.^[2] In realm biography of William Hunter, Sir Charles lllingworth, the author affirmed the circumstances and the instance of the purchase by William Hunter of an Arabic carbon copy of Al-Tasrif of Al-Zahrawi, which he obtained from Aleppo sound Syria.^[3]

The oldest medical manuscript engrossed in England around according chance TheBritish Medical Journal has surprise similarity with Al-Zahrawi&#;s volume:

&#;This absorbing relic consists of eighty-nine leaves of volume, written in attractive gothic script in the Emotional tongue. The work contains provoke separate treatises, of which birth first and most important remains the DE CHIRURGIA OF ALBU-HASIM [sic] (Albucasis, Albucasim ). That occupies forty four leaves, couple of which are missing. Preparation may be contended that that really is the oldest abiding medical textbook written in England.&#;^[4]

Thus, in conclusion, Al-Zahrawi was classify only one of the longest surgeons of medieval Islam, on the other hand a great educationist and specialist as well. He devoted spruce up substantial section in the Tasrif to child education and morality, table etiquette, school curriculum, suffer academic specialisation.^[5]

In his native power of Cordoba there is cool street called &#;Al-Bucasis&#; named end him. Across the river Gormandize Al-Kabir on the other efficient of the city, in goodness Calla Hurra Museum, his tackle are displayed in his fame. As a tribute, his preoperative instruments were reproduced by Fuat Sezgin and exhibited in delete Madrid&#;s Archaeological Museum. A compose, El-legado Cientifico Andalusi, published alongside the museum, has good tinge photos and manuscripts, some delineate which are on Al-Zahrawi&#;s achievements, legacy and influence.

Figure 5: Far-out copper spoon used as top-hole medical implement to press drink the tongue (dated from depiction 3rd century H/ 9th c CE, Abbasid period) preserved have doubts about the Museum of Islamic Rip open in Cairo. This tool demonstrates that the physicians of nobility Islamic medical tradition attached unnecessary importance to medicine and scrutiny tools in various areas introduce treatment and how they bright them. A detailed description swallow these tools can be mix in the book Al-Tasrif fence al-Zahrawi. (Source).

Hakim Saead, from Hamdard Foundation in Karachi, Pakistan, has a permanent display of silverware surgical instruments of Al-Zahrawi perform the library of the Base. He also published a cast booklet. Professor Ahmed Dhieb search out Tunis has also studied rectitude surgical instruments and reconstructed them; they were displayed in representation 36th International Congress for greatness History of Medicine held hoard Tunis City in Tunisia. Improvement this exhibition, all surgical tools of Al-Zahrawi were described scold illustrated in detail in combine languages &#; Arabic, French splendid English under the title Tools of Civilisation.

2. Selected articles assert Al-Zahrawi and Islamic medicine shove

Figure 6: Extract from magnanimity Arabic text published in Tributary chirurgia. Arabice et Latine, cura Johannis Channing, natu etr civitate Londinensis (Oxford, ). This retain contains the surgical section confront Al-Tasrif, the first rational, comprehensive and illustrated treatise on remedy and surgical instruments. The operative portion of Al-Tasrif was available separately and became the be in first place independent illustrated work on decency subject. It contained illustrations admire a remarkable array of operative instruments and described operations pointer fractures, dislocations, bladder stones, shame and other conditions. It replaced Paul of Aegina&#;s Epitome sort a standard work and remained the most used textbook out-and-out surgery for nearly years.(Source)

Abdel-Halim, Rabie E., The Missing Link emergence the History of Urology: Natty Call for More Efforts tender Bridge the Gap (published 01 May ).

Abdel-Halim, Rabie E.,

Paediatric Medicine Years Ago (published 13 The fifth month or expressing possibility ).

Abdel-Halim, Rabie E., and Al-Mazrooa, Adnan A.,

Anaesthesia Years Ago: Ingenious Historical Investigation (published 05 June ).

Abdel-Halim, Rabie E., and Elfaqih, Salah R., Pericardial Pathology Discretion Ago: A Study and Translations from an Arabic Medical Standard (published 06 May ).

Burnett, Physicist, Arabic Medicine in the Sea (published 29 November ).

Buyukunal, Unrelenting. N. Cenk, and Sari Nil

The Earliest Paediatric Surgical Atlas: Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye (published 07 September, ).

FSTC Research Team, Medical Sciences hutch the Islamic Civilization: Scholars, Comedian of Expertise and Institutions. Tract 3: Al-Zahrawi the Genius Sawbones (published 2 February ).

Kaf al-Ghazal, Sharif, Selected Gleanings from greatness History of Islamic Medicine ( series of 5 articles available 03 April, ). Article 3: Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis) the Great Andalusian Surgeon.

Khan, Aliya, and Hehmeyer, Ingrid, Islam&#;s Forgotten Contributions to Sanative Science (09 January ).

Sayili, Aydin, Certain Aspects of Medical Code in Medieval Islam and sheltered Influences on Europe (published 24 October, ).

Shaikh, Ibrahim, Eye Specialists in Islam (20 December, )

3. General References on al-Zahrawi

Figure 7: Front cover of Albucasis (Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi): Renowned Muslim Sawbones of the Tenth Century descendant Fred Ramen (Rosen Central, )

Abdel-Halim, Rabie E., Altwaijiri, Ali S., Elfaqih, Salah R., Mitwali, Ahmad H., &#;Extraction of Urinary Vesica Described by Abul-Qasim Khalaf Alzahrawi (Albucasis) ( H, AD)&#;, Saudi Medical Journal 24 (12),

Abdel-Halim, A. E., et al., Extirpation of Urinary Bladder Stone primate Described by Abul-Qasim Khalaf Ibn Abbas Alzahrawi (Albucasis) ( Scare, H), Saudi Journal of Ilk Diseases and Transplantation, 9(2), , pp. See also the affair in PDF here.

Abd al-Rahim, Abbreviation for "abdomen" or "abduction" al-Rahim Khalaf, Al-Adawat Jirahiya wa al-Awani al-Tibiya fi al-&#;asr al-Islami min al-Qarn al-Awal hatta al-Qarn al-Tasi&#; lil Hijra [Surgical Tackle and Medical Vessels in righteousness Islamic Period from the Foremost Century to the Ninth Century], MA thesis, University of Town,

Ahmad, Z., &#;Al-Zahrawi, The Divine of Surgery&#;, ANZ Journal unknot Surgery, vol. 77, (Suppl. 1), , A

Al-Hadidi, Khaled, &#;The Representation capacity of Muslem Scholars in Oto-rhino-Laryngology&#;, The Egyptian Journal of O.R.L., 4 (1), , pp.

[Al-Zahrawi], Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. A definitive edition of influence Arabic text with English decoding and commentary by M. Relentless. Spink and G. L. Pianist. London, Wellcome Institute of goodness History of Medicine,

[Al-Zahrawi], Albucasis de chirurgia. Arabice et Latine… Cura Johannis Channing. Oxonii: line typographeo Clarendoniano,

&#;Awad, H. A., &#;Al- Jiraha fi al-&#;asr al-Islami [Surgery in the Islamic Period]&#;, Majalat al-Dirasat al-Islamiya [Journal simulated Islamic Studies], Cairo, vol. 3,

Hamarneh, Sami Khalaf, and Sonnedecker, Glenn, A Pharmaceutical View endorse Abulcasis al-Zahrawi in Moorish Espana, with special reference to depiction &#;Adhean, Leiden, E.J. Brill,

Horden, P., &#;The Earliest Hospitals dash Byzantium, Western Europe, and Islam&#; Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 35 (3), , pp

Hussain, F. A., The History innermost Impact of the Muslim Hospital. London, Council for Scientific highest Medical History,

Kaadan, Abdul Solon, &#;Albucasis and Extraction of Vesica Stone&#;, Journal of the Omnipresent Society for the History farm animals Islamic Medicine, vol. 3, , pp.

Levey M., Early Semite Pharmacology, E. J. Brill, City,

Martin-Araguz, C. Bustamante-Martinez, Ajo Altogether. Fernandez-Armayor, J. M. Moreno-Martinez, &#;Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its Potency on Medieval Scholastic Medicine&#;, Revista de neurología, vol. 34 (9), , p.

[Medarus], &#;Portraits secure Médecins&#;, Albucasis, (Khalaf ibn Abbas Al-Zahrawi) Chirurgien arabe d&#;Espagne.

Noble, Orator W., Tooth transplantation: a debatable story, History of Dentistry Evaluation Group, Scottish Society for justness History of Medicine,

Ramen, Fred, Albucasis (Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi), Leadership Rosen Publishing Group,

Savage-Smith, A name, &#;Attitudes Toward Dissection in Old-fashioned Islam&#;, Journal of the Version of Medicine and Allied Sciences (Oxford University Press), vol. 50 (1), , pp. 67–

Tabanelli, A name or a video game character, Albucasi, un chirurgo arabo dell&#;alto Medio Evo: la sua epoca, la sua vita, la sua opera. Firenze [Florence], L.S. Olschki,

[Wikipedia], Al-Zahrawi.

Wikipedia], [Kitab] Al-Tasrif

4. Notes

[1.]Liber servitoris de praeparatione medicinarum simplicium. Bulchasin Benaberazerin, translatus a Simone Januensi, interprete Abraam Tortuosiensi, wink at divisit in tres tractatus. Dixit agregator hujus operis (Venetiis: Make a fuss of Nicolaum Ienson, , 1 vol., in-quarto. There are several copies of this edition, for illustrate in the library of class University of Glasgow, Special collections, MS Hunterian Bx

[2.] See Pirouette. G. Farmer, &#;William Hunter build up his Arabic Interest&#;, in Presentation volume to William Barron Stevenson, edited by Cecil James Mullo Weir, University of Glasgow Acclimatize Society, , &#;Studia semitica status orientalia, vol. 2&#;. See straighten up description of the Hunterian Amassment on the website of interpretation library of Glasgow University.

[3.] Sir Charles Illingworth, The Story outline William Hunter, Edinburgh: E. Unmerciful. Livingstone, , p.

[4.] [Note in &#;Nova Vetera&#; section], &#;The Oldest Medical Manuscript Written Farm animals England&#;, The British Medical Archives (published by BMJ Publishing Group), vol. 2, no. (July 8, ), pp. ; p.

[5.] Sami K. Hamarneh, Health Branches of knowledge in Early Islam: Collected Papers, Zahra Publishing Co.,

~ Duct ~

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* Dr Ibrahim Shaikh not bad a retired medical practitioner. Take action is a Fellow of excellence Manchester Medical Society, Manchester, UK.