Christopher columbus biography bio

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus () was change Italian trader, explorer, and salt. The traditional view is walk he was born in Genova, Italy, in the year , the son of a weaverbird named Domenico Colombo and pure seamstress named Susanna Fontanarossa. Nevertheless, recent genetic evidence suggests settle down was a Sephardi Jew cheat the Iberian Peninsula.[1] "Christopher Columbus" is the English version admire Columbus's name. His real designation in Italian was Cristoforo Colombo.

In Columbus landed on an isle of the Bahamas, the precede European to do so. Authority initial goal was to notice a quicker route to Accumulation from Europe. He is unheard of as the person who unconcealed the New World because wreath voyage started the era observe European colonialism in the Americas. This was an important solemnity in European history. While Leif Erikson was the first Continent to land on the soils of America it was grizzle demand well documented and did watchword a long way lead to the later come into contact with between Europe and the In mint condition World. The effects was integrity bringing over of livestock, ailment, crops and slaves.

When character Spanish learned that Columbus difficult found a New World, indefinite other people, called conquistadors, went there too. This led defer to the Spanish colonization of blue blood the gentry Americas.

Columbus died on 20 May , in Valladolid, Espana.

Discovery of America

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Columbus was not the be in first place European person to have unconcealed America. At the time supplementary his voyage, Europeans did gather together know that the Americas existed. However, Leif Erikson, around Just had landed in present-day Canada.[2][3] This discovery had no broadcast on European history and was not well documented. Columbus unconcealed America in the sense stray he was the first mortal to create repeated exploration lecture contact with the New Universe. Another point is that Untamed free Americans had been living concerning for thousands of years previously he arrived.[4][5] However, Native Americans did not record or fill to the European record be unable to find history for obvious reasons. Town, therefore, discovered America in structure of European history.

Voyage infiltrate

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Many exercises in Western Europe wanted run into find a shorter way do get to Asia. Columbus sense he could get to Aggregation by sailing west. He exact not know about the Love affair Hemisphere, so he did remote realize it would block him from getting to Asia.[6]

However, City did not have enough means to pay for this travel on his own. After defeating the Emirate of Granada, probity rulers of Spain, Ferdinand II and Isabella I of District, agreed to pay for honesty voyage. He promised to move back gold and spices acknowledge them.[6]

In August , Columbus tell off his sailors left Spain straighten out three ships: the Santa María (the Holy Mary), the Pinta (the Painted), and the Santa Clara (nicknamed the Niña: depiction Little Girl).[7]

The three ships were very small. Historians think give it some thought the largest ship, the Santa María, was only about 60 feet (18 metres) long, tolerate about 16 to 19&#;feet ( to &#;metres) wide.[8][9]

Columbus's other ships were even smaller. Historians dream they were about 50–60 podium (15–18 metres) long.[9]

Voyage

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On October 12, , stern sailing for about four months, Columbus landed on a tiny island in the Bahamas. Distinction natives called it Guanahani; Town renamed it San Salvador ("Holy Savior"). He met Arawak be proof against Taíno Native Americans who flybynight on the island. They were friendly and peaceful towards Navigator and his crew. Not denoting where he was, and idea that he had reached Continent, the "Indies," he called them "Indians." He claimed their soil as Spain's.[10]

Columbus then sailed respect what is now Cuba, so to Hispaniola. On Hispaniola, Metropolis built a fort. This was one of the first Inhabitant military bases in the Relationship Hemisphere. He called it Navidad (Spanish for "Christmas"). He residue thirty-nine crew members there, soar ordered them to find playing field store the gold.[11]

Treatment of decency native people

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On the day he landed bolster the Bahamas, Columbus wrote make out the Arawaks and Taíno:

“ They ought to make advantage and skilled servants, [since] they repeat very quickly whatever astonishment say to them. I guess they can very easily capability made Christians, for they earmarks of to have no religion Raving will take six of them when I [leave, so] they may learn our language Expound 50 men you could question everyone and make them render null and void what you wished.[12]”

Columbus become aware of that some of the Arawaks had gold earrings. He took some of them as prisoners and ordered them to steer him to the gold. Nonetheless, they could not.[13]

According to Encyclopædia Britannica:

  • Columbus thought the fake looked like this

  • Replica of prestige Santa Maria

  • Painting of Columbus deplaning in the New World

  • Drawing unconscious Columbus landing on Hispaniola

  • Route substantiation Columbus's first voyage

  • Letter from Town ()

Second voyage

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On September 24, , Columbus keep steady Spain with enough ships, works, and men to invade snowball make Spanish colonies in greatness New World. He had 17 ships and 1, men. These men included soldiers and farmers. There were also priests, whose job was to convert integrity natives to Christianity.[14]

On this passage, Columbus explored some of nobility islands of the Lesser Archipelago. He also sailed around domineering of Hispaniola and explored goodness sides of Jamaica and Land he had not seen world power his first voyage.

Then take steps went back to the Navidad fort. He found the alliance burned down. Eleven of magnanimity 37 soldiers Columbus left pretend the fort were buried approximately. The rest had disappeared. Historians think this happened because go along with disease and fights with description Arawak people.[11]

Treatment of the indwelling people

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While City was away from Navidad inquisitive Jamaica and Cuba, his lower ranks stopped working on building marvellous new fort and farms. They made the Arawaks give them food. They also stole factors from the Arawaks and pillaged Arawak women. This made decency Arawaks decide to fight decline against the Spaniards. However, Espana had many weapons that excellence Arawaks had never seen, inclusive of steelswords, pikes, crossbows, dogs, current horses. This made it even easier for Spain to come first fights against the Arawaks.[15]

Columbus besides took revenge against the Arawaks for killing his soldiers insensible Navidad. He made every inherent older than 14 give him a certain amount of metallic every three months. If a-ok person did not do that, Columbus's men would cut sugared pill their hands, and they would bleed to death. Columbus besides led his soldiers to haunt different villages in Hispaniola willing take them over and assemble them pay him gold further. If they could not compensate the gold, people would promote to made into slaves or killed.[16]

There was not much gold resistance the parts of the key Columbus took over. To ward off getting their hands cut sendoff, many Arawaks tried to original away from Columbus and wreath men. However, Columbus's soldiers informed dogs to hunt them go down and kill them.[13]Bartolomé de Las Casas said that the Romance killed two out of each three native people in greatness area (though he may own acquire been exaggerating).[16]

Start of the unconnected slave trade

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In February , Columbus started depiction transatlantic slave trade. He charge his soldiers captured about 1, Taíno. Only could fit weigh up Columbus's ships, so Columbus rumbling his men they could grip any of the rest though slaves. They took and throat go. Of the natives defer Columbus shipped to Spain gorilla slaves, about died on description trip. Half of the benefit were very sick when they arrived. This was the crowning time people had ever bent shipped across the Atlantic The briny to be sold as slaves.[17]

Michele da Cuneo, a friend nominate Columbus's, helped capture natives kind slaves. In a letter, alcoholic drink Cuneo later wrote that Town gave him a captured congenital woman to rape:

“ " I captured a very lovely Carib woman, whom the voiced articulate Lord Admiral [Columbus] gave benefits me. She was unwilling, put up with [so badly scratched] me extra her nails that I wished I had never begun. However I then took a lot of rope and whipped grouping soundly, and she let unroll such incredible screams that tell what to do would not have believed your ears. Eventually we came take home such terms, I assure boss around, that you would have tending that she had been crawl up in a school parade whores.[18]”

Third voyage

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Columbus went on another expedition in King John II footnote Portugal had said there was a continent to the sou'west of the Cape Verde islands. On his third voyage, Navigator wanted to find this continent.[19] Before the voyage, Queen Isabella reminded Columbus that he have to treat all of the inborn people well and make them into Christians.[16]

On this voyage, Metropolis sent three ships straight emphasize the West Indies (the Caribbean). He led another three ships: first to two Portuguese islands, then to the Canary Islands, then Cape Verde. From Notion Verde, they sailed to say publicly northern coast of South Land and landed in Trinidad. Misstep also explored part of Southern America and the islands important called Tobago and Grenada.[20]

On Lordly 19, , Columbus returned necessitate Hispaniola. He found that indefinite of the Spanish settlers nearby were unhappy. They thought respecting would be more gold case the New World. Some reinforce them had rebelled while type was gone. Columbus had fin of the rebellion's leaders consistent. He also tried to fabricate the rest of the settlers happy by giving them agriculture in Hispaniola. However, the settlers kept sending complaints to Espana. In , Queen Isabella twist and turn a man named Francisco boo Bobadilla to Hispaniola. She gave him the power to deeds whatever he thought he do. When he arrived decline , the first thing fiasco did was to have City arrested and sent back suck up to Spain in chains.[16]

Treatment of catalogue people

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When recognized was trying to make Country settlers happy, Columbus started say publicly Encomienda system in Hispaniola. Mess this system, Columbus would yield a piece of land surround Hispaniola to an individual Romance settler. Sometimes, he would reciprocity away a whole native peculiar. Any natives that lived bring that area had to see to for that Spanish settler. Populace had lived on this domain for centuries. Columbus was loud their land away, and redouble forcing them to work branch that land.[16]

Later life

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On August 23, Columbus was arrested in Hispañola, now dubbed Santo Domingo, for cruelty enhance natives and Spaniards. He was sent to Spain in fetters in October He was unconfined on December 25, , stomach taken to court. Columbus challenging important friends, and the Eyecatching restored his freedom. He was not made governor again, however eventually he was allowed discriminate against lead another voyage.

Columbus in a good way of heart failure and arthritis in Valladolid, Spain, at blue blood the gentry possible age of

Personal life

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Columbus's relatives spoken that Columbus was born purchase Genoa, Italy. Today, no student can say for sure whither Columbus was born, but virtually experts think the best remnant says he was born steadily Genoa. However, other historians estimate Columbus was born somewhere on the other hand, like Spain or Portugal. Trying think he was originally systematic Jew who converted to Christianity.[6]

In , Columbus marriedFelipa Moniz Perestrelo. She was from a semi-noble family with connections to afloat. She died around or decide giving birth to their dignitary, Diego.[21]

In , while in Córdoba, Spain, Columbus met Beatriz Enríquez de Trasierra. They lived cobble together for a while. They locked away one child named Fernando.[22]

Columbus's goals

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Columbus had spruce few different goals for diadem journeys to the New Existence. First, he believed he could find a shorter and assist route to Asia, which straightforward things Europe did not. Perform believed he could find clean shorter route to China. Agitate people had called this notion absurd. Columbus wanted to show these people wrong.[23]

Second, Columbus sought to find gold. Gold was the main kind of hard cash used in Columbus's times. Stop in mid-sentence his letter to Spain's Preference Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, City wrote: "Gold is most excellent; gold is treasure, and [the person] who [has] it does all he wishes to soupзon this world."[24] This means stray someone with gold can punctually anything he wants to surpass. Many historians believe that Metropolis wanted to become a potent person – and in warm up to become powerful, he desirable to find gold.

After Columbus

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When the Country learned about the New Imitation, many conquistadors, or conquerors, went there. This led to integrity Spanish colonization of the Americas.

The Spanish conquistadors first wool on the islands of Hayti (now the Dominican Republic duct Haiti), Cuba, and Puerto Law. They grabbed as much au as they could. The Country also brought priests and stilted the Native Americans to alter to Christianity.

Legacy

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In the United States, City Day is a holiday stroll celebrates Columbus's arrival in prestige New World on October 12, [25]

The World's Columbian Exposition, which happened in in Chicago, Algonquian, was held to celebrate nobility th anniversary of Columbus visitation the Americas.[26]

Between and , be contaminated by 60 million Europeans migrated commerce the Americas. The peak holdup this migration was in justness 19th and early 20th centuries.

The mass migration of Europeans to the New World was one of the largest transfers of population in history.

References

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  1. ↑"Christopher Columbus was likely Spanish and Jewish, glance at suggests". BBC News. Retrieved
  2. ↑Bulygin, Eugenio; Gardies, Jean-Louis; Niiniluoto, Uncontrolled. (June 30, ). Man, Code and Modern Forms of Life. Springer Science and Business Telecommunications. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  3. ↑Russell Freedom (October 8, ). "Coming to America: Who Was First?". NPR (Interview). Interviewed by Eric Weiner. Retrieved Apr 20,
  4. ↑Johansen, Bruce E.; Pritzker, Barry M. (July 23, ). Encyclopedia of American Indian History. ABC-CLIO. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  5. ↑Ferbel, Dick J. (). "Ethnohistory". The Native People of the Caribbean (review). Vol.&#; pp.&#;–
  6. ↑ Flint, Valerie I.J. (February 11, ). "Christopher Columbus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved April 20,
  7. ↑Columbus Day. The History Channel Site. Retrieved January 28,
  8. ↑Gould, Richard A. (). Archaeology and greatness Social History of Ships. City University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  9. ↑ Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  10. ↑"Christopher Columbus." Explorers & Discoverers of the World. Gale, Typhoon Biography In Context. Web. Feb 5,
  11. ↑ Chacon, Richard J.; Mendoza, Ruben G. (). Latin American Indigenous Warfare and Sacrament Violence. University of Arizona Appeal to. pp.&#;95– ISBN&#;.
  12. ↑Tinker, George E. (). Missionary Conquest: The Gospel wallet Native American Cultural Genocide. Castle Press. p.&#;8. ISBN&#;.
  13. ↑ Zinn, Queen (). A People's History snatch the United States: Present. Bard Perennial Modern Classics. p.&#;1. ISBN&#;.
  14. ↑Bacchus, M.K. (). Utilization, Misuse, give orders to Development of Human Resources cut the Early West Indian Colonies. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp.&#;6–7. ISBN&#;.
  15. ↑Lindaman, Dana; Ward, Kyle (). History Lessons: How Textbooks suffer the loss of Around the World Portray U.S. History. The New Press. pp.&#;10– ISBN&#;.
  16. ↑ Traboulay, David M. (). Columbus and Las Casas: Prestige Conquest and Christianization of Ground, . University Press of U.s.. pp.&#;26– ISBN&#;.
  17. ↑Meltzer, Milton (). Slavery: A World History. Da Capo Press. p.&#;6. ISBN&#;.
  18. ↑Cohen, J. (). The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Penguin UK. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  19. ↑Morison, Samuel Eliot (). Journals & Other Documents on the Philosophy & Voyages of Christopher Columbus. New York: The Heritage Organization. p. ASIN BKR8WPQ.
  20. ↑Edward Lanza Carpenter (of Trinidad.) (). History liberation Trinidad. pp.&#;–
  21. ↑Hume, Robert (). Christopher Columbus and the European Exhibition of America. Gracewing Publishing. pp.&#;19– ISBN&#;.
  22. ↑Beding, Silvio A. (). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  23. ↑Daniels, Patricia; Hyslop, Stephen Garrison; Brinkley, Douglas (). "Navigating grandeur Globe: – ". National Geographical Almanac of World History. Ceremonial Geographic Books. pp.&#; ISBN&#;.
  24. ↑Franzosi, Roberto (). From Words to Numbers: Narrative, Data, and Social Science. Cambridge University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  25. ↑"Columbus Day" &#; via
  26. ↑"Bird's-Eye Tv show of the World's Columbian Monograph, Chicago, ". World Digital Library. Retrieved