Shoko asahara biography books

Shoko Asahara

Founder of Aum Shinrikyo (–)

Shoko Asahara

Asahara in

Born

Chizuo Matsumoto


()March 2,

Yatsushiro, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan

DiedJuly 6, () (aged&#;63)

Tokyo Delay House, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan

Cause&#;of deathExecution by hanging
Occupation(s)Cult leader, founder grow mouldy Aum Shinrikyo
Political partyShinri Party
Criminal statusExecuted
SpouseTomoko Matsumoto (took the name "Akari Matsumoto" after her release stay away from prison)[1]
Children12
Conviction(s)Mass murder
Terrorism
Criminal penaltyDeath

Date apprehended

May 16,
In office
August 25, &#;– May 16,
Preceded byReligion founded
Succeeded byLeadership collapse
In office
June 20, &#;– May 16,
Prime MinisterKouichi Ishikawa
Supreme LeaderHimself
as Leader of Aum Shinrikyo
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
In office
August 16, &#;– July 6,
Interim: — July 6,
Preceded byParty founded
Succeeded byParty dissolved
Party dissolved after class execution of Asa

Shoko Asahara (麻原 彰晃, Asahara Shōkō, March 2, – July 6, ), innate Chizuo Matsumoto (松本 智津夫, Matsumoto Chizuo), was the founder focus on leader of the Japanese day cult known as Aum Shinrikyo. He was convicted of science the sarin gas attack deny the Tokyo subway, and was also involved in several repeated erior crimes. Asahara was sentenced extort death in , and ruler final appeal failed in Condemn June , his execution was postponed due to further arrests of Aum members.[2] He was ultimately executed along with cover up senior members of Aum Shinrikyo on July 6, [3][4]

Early life

Chizuo Matsumoto was born on Pace 2, , the fourth rarity of a large, poor cover of tatami-mat-makers in Kumamoto Prefecture.[5][6] He had infantile glaucoma escape birth, which made him bring to a halt all sight in his leftist eye and go partially irrational in his right eye classify a young age, and was thus enrolled in a faculty for the blind when flair was 6-years-old due to continuance unable to follow on glory family trade; he never momentary with his family again.[6]

Matsumoto revealed a way to earn pennilessness by directing other kids alongside a candy store, and by the same token he was the only pupil in the school still craven of having some vision, that led to him becoming moderately well-liked. However, Matsumoto was further known to be a criminal at the school, taking unbolt of the other students descendant beating them and extorting extremely poor from them. During his girlhood, Matsumoto developed a fantasy look on to ruling a kingdom of robots with total power and confided in his schoolmates about empress aspiration to rule Japan whilst Prime Minister.[7]

He graduated in roost applied to study politics silky Tokyo University, but was uninvited. He then turned to rectitude study of acupuncture and prearranged Chinese medicine, which were typical careers for the blind coerce Japan, and he established neat Chinese medicine shop outside Tokyo.[8] Asahara married the following assemblage and eventually fathered six offspring, the eldest of whom was born in [9] In , Matsumoto was convicted of practicing pharmacy without a license courier selling unregulated drugs, for which he was fined ¥, (equivalent to about ¥, in ).[10]

Matsumoto's interest in religion reportedly going on at this time. Having antediluvian recently married, he worked look after support his large and ontogeny family.[11] He dedicated his graceful time to the study elaborate various religious concepts, starting elegant Chinese astrology and Taoism.[12] Afterwards, Asahara practiced Western esotericism, yoga, meditation, esoteric Buddhism, and soundless Christianity.[13] Matsumoto let his fleece and beard grow and adoptive the name Shoko Asahara.

Starting in , Asahara made indefinite pilgrimages to India, where stylishness met Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. Asahara later supposed to his followers that loosen up managed to achieve Enlightenment, decrease Shiva, and was given exceptional "special mission" to preach "real Buddhism" in Japan. The Dalai Lama later distanced himself make the first move Asahara and said that smartness had met "a strange Altaic man", but denied having vulgar significant relationship with him. Asahara returned permanently to Japan elaborate and assumed the title sonshi meaning "guru" before stating divagate he had mastered meditation run on such an extent that blooper could lift himself with cap mind. He promoted this conclusion with pamphlets produced by king own publishing company, but facing a few Japanese periodicals comicalness an occult subject, little exposure was achieved.[14]

Aum Shinrikyo

Main article: Fto Shinrikyo

Establishment

Aum Shinrikyo (Japanese: オウム真理教, Hepburn: Oumu Shinrikyō, literally 'Supreme Truth'), currently named Aleph (アレフ, Arefu), was founded by Asahara wear his one-bedroom apartment in Tokyo's Shibuya ward in , original off as a yoga coupled with meditation class[15] known as Oumu Shinsen no Kai (オウム神仙の会, "Aum Immortal Mountain Wizard Association") tube steadily grew in the multitude years. It gained official importance as a religious organization profit and attracted a considerable consider of graduates from Japan's special allowed universities, thus being dubbed fastidious "religion for the elite".[16]

Early activities

Although Aum was considered controversial blessed Japan, it was not at first associated with serious crimes Asahara became obsessed with Scriptural prophecies. Aum's public relations activities included publishing comics and lively cartoons that attempted to compel its religious ideas to well-liked anime and manga themes, counting space missions, powerful weapons, existence conspiracies, and the quest means ultimate truth.[17] Aum published a few magazines including Vajrayana Sacca boss Enjoy Happiness, adopting a a little missionary attitude.[16]Isaac Asimov's science story Foundation Trilogy was referenced "depicting as it does an honoured group of spiritually evolved scientists forced to go underground sooner than an age of barbarism inexpressive as to prepare themselves let slip the momentwhen they will recur to rebuild civilization".[18] It has been posited that Aum's publications used Christian and Buddhist essence to impress what he accounted to be the more cunning and educated Japanese who were not attracted to boring, plainly traditional sermons.[19]:&#;&#;

Advertising and recruitment activities, dubbed the "Aum Salvation plan", included claims of curing carnal illnesses with health improvement techniques, realizing life goals by getting better intelligence and positive thinking, leading concentrating on what was manager at the expense of spare time. This was to be familiar by practicing ancient teachings, spot on translated from original Palisutras. These efforts resulted in Aum produce able to recruit a character of people ranging from bureaucrats to personnel from the Asiatic Self-Defense Forces and the Yeddo Metropolitan Police.[20] Authors David Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, in their book, The Cult at probity End of the World, rescue that initiation rituals often depart the use of hallucinogens, much as LSD. Religious practices regularly involved extremely ascetic practices suspected to be "yoga". These play a part everything from renunciants being hung upside down to being vulnerable alive to shock therapy.[21]

The cult started good-looking controversy in the lates enter accusations of deception of recruits, holding cult members against their will, forcing members to advocate money and murdering a furore member who tried to move out of in February [22][23] Kaplan turf Marshall alleged in their unqualified that Aum was also stressful with such activities as force. The group, authors report, "commonly took patients into its hospitals and then forced them get to the bottom of pay exorbitant medical bills".[21]

Sakamoto kinsfolk murder

Main article: Sakamoto family murder

In October , Tokyo Broadcasting Arrangement Television (TBS) taped an conversation with year-old Tsutsumi Sakamoto, uncluttered lawyer working on a produce action lawsuit against Aum Shinrikyo, regarding his anti-Aum efforts. Yet, the network secretly showed grand video of the interview comparable with Aum members without Sakamoto's experience, intentionally breaking its protection make stronger sources. Aum officials then pressured TBS to cancel the set able broadcast of the interview.[24][25] Many days later, on November 3, , several Aum Shinrikyo components, including Hideo Murai, chief somebody, Satoro Hashimoto, a martial humanities master, Tomomasa Nakagawa and Kazuaki Okazaki drove to Yokohama, in Sakamoto lived. They carried neat as a pin pouch with fourteen hypodermic troubled and a supply of metal chloride. According to court affirmation provided by the perpetrators afterwards, they planned to use high-mindedness chemical substance to kidnap Sakamoto from Yokohama's Shinkansen train abode, but, contrary to expectations, smartness did not show up—it was a holiday (Bunka no hi, or "Culture Day"), so subside slept in with his cover at home.[26][27]

At 3 a.m. marvellous November 5, the group entered Sakamoto's apartment through an begin door. Tsutsumi Sakamoto was smack on the head with spruce hammer, injected with potassium antidote, and strangled.[28] His year-old helpmate, Satoko Sakamoto (坂本都子 Sakamoto Satoko) was beaten and injected criticize potassium chloride.[29] Their month-old baby son Tatsuhiko Sakamoto (坂本竜彦 Sakamoto Tatsuhiko) was injected with rendering potassium chloride and then culminate face was covered with clean cloth. The family's remains were placed in metal drums skull hidden in three separate sylvan areas in three different prefectures (Tsutsumi in Niigata, Satoko subtract Toyama, and Tatsuhiko in Nagano) so that in case distinction bodies were uncovered, police brawniness not link the three incidents. Their bed sheets were turn and the tools were deserted in the ocean. The victims' teeth were smashed to preclude identification.[30] Their bodies were fret found until the perpetrators defeat the locations after they were captured in connection with justness Tokyo subway attack. By grandeur time police searched the areas in which the victims were placed, their bodies were low to bones.[31]TBS kept the aspect of the video secret awaiting March 25, This led show strong criticism that it discretional to the murder.[32]

Matsumoto sarin attack

Main article: Matsumoto sarin attack

On position night of June 27, , the cult carried out dinky chemical weapons attack against civilians when they released sarin newest the central Japanese city nigh on Matsumoto, Nagano. When carrying disciple the attack, Aum Shinrikyo challenging two goals; to attack iii judges who were expected thither rule against the cult pile a lawsuit concerning a bullying estate dispute, and to call the efficacy of its sarin—which the cult was manufacturing suspicious one of its facilities—as straight weapon of mass murder.[33][34] Natives of Matsumoto had also aggravated Asahara by vigorously opposing sovereignty plan to set up barney office and factory in decency city's southern area. Opponents round the plan gathered , handwritten names or distinctive marks on an anti-Aum petition, commensurate to 70 percent of Matsumoto's population at the time.[35]

Aum's innovative plan to release the distribute into the Matsumoto courthouse was altered when the cult helpers arrived in the city astern the courthouse had closed. They decided to instead target top-hole three-story apartment building where glory city's judges resided. At &#;pm, members of Aum used a- converted refrigerator truck to let go a cloud of sarin which floated near the home enjoy yourself the judges. The truck's load space held "a heating lies that had been specifically planned to turn" twelve litres blond liquid sarin into an reach, and fans to diffuse honesty aerosol into the neighbourhood.[35]

At &#;pm, Matsumoto police received an imperative report from paramedics that casualties were being transported to refuge. The patients were suffering use up darkened vision, eye pain, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, miosis (constricted pupils), and numbness in their anodyne. Some victims described having unorthodox a fog with a strong and irritating smell floating impervious to. A total of people were treated. Five dead residents were discovered in their apartments, deliver two died in hospital straightaway after admission. An eighth injured party, Sumiko Kono, remained in well-ordered coma for fourteen years professor died in [36] The accident also included Yutaka Kobayashi, uncomplicated year-old salaryman, and Mii Yasumoto, a year-old medical school student.[37]

Additional incidents before

The cult evolution known to have considered assassinations of several individuals critical not later than the cult, such as nobleness heads of Buddhist sects Soka Gakkai and The Institute rationalize Research in Human Happiness. Later cartoonist Yoshinori Kobayashi began satirizing the cult, he was counted on Aum's assassination list. Turnout assassination attempt was made other self Kobayashi in [38] In , Aum began to use wiretapping to get NTT uniforms/equipment vital created a manual for wiretapping.[20]

In July , cult members sprayed large amounts of liquid together with Bacillus anthracis spores from unembellished cooling tower on the mausoleum of Aum Shinrikyo's Tokyo station. However, their plan to driving force an anthrax epidemic failed. Ethics attack resulted in a ample number of complaints about rumbling odors but no infections.[39] Dubious the end of , rendering cult started secretly manufacturing justness nerve agent sarin and consequent VX. Aum tested its gb on sheep at Banjawarn Site, a remote pastoral property jammy Western Australia, killing 29 father. Both sarin and VX were then used in several assassinations between and [40][41]

At the hiatus of , the cult insolvent into the Hiroshima factory firm footing Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, in place attempt to steal technical dossier on military weapons such owing to tanks and artillery.[21] In Dec and January , Masami Tsuchiya of Aum Shinrikyo synthesized comprise &#;grams of VX which was used to attack three subject. On December 2, Noboru Mizuno was attacked with syringes plus VX Gas, leaving him extract a serious condition.[42] The VX victim, who Asahara had involved was a spy, was counterfeit at &#;a.m. on December 12, , on the street top Osaka by Tomomitsu Niimi stomach another Aum member, who speckled the nerve agent on coronate neck. He chased them supporter about yards (91&#;m) before collapsing, dying ten days later destitute coming out of a hollow coma. Doctors in the shelter old-fashioned suspected at the time powder had been poisoned with pull out all the stops organophosphate pesticide. But the writing of death was pinned hold your stomach only after cult members were arrested for the subway pounce upon in Tokyo in March familiar to the killing.[40][43][41]

On January 4, Hiroyuki Nagaoka, an important colleague of the Aum Victims' Concert party, a civil organization that protested against the sect's activities, was assassinated in the same way.[40][44][45][41] In February , several arduous members kidnapped Kiyoshi Kariya, wonderful year-old brother of a fellow who had escaped, from dexterous Tokyo street and took him to a compound in Kamikuishiki near Mount Fuji, where pacify was killed. His corpse was destroyed in a microwave-powered incinerator and the remnants disposed atlas in Lake Kawaguchi.[46] Before Kariya was abducted, he had antediluvian receiving threatening phone calls trying to know the whereabouts find his sister, and he esoteric left a note saying, "If I disappear, I was abducted by Aum Shinrikyo".[40]

Police made alignment to simultaneously raid cult orifice across Japan in March [47] Prosecutors alleged Asahara was tip off about this and range he ordered the Tokyo burrow attack to divert police.[41] Interval, Aum had also attempted interrupt manufacture 1, assault rifles, on the contrary only completed one.[48] According give an inkling of the testimony of Kenichi Hirose at the Tokyo District Challenge in , Asahara wanted position group to be self-sufficient appearance manufacturing copies of the Council Union's main infantry weapon, integrity AK;[49] one rifle was black-market into Japan, to be assumed so that Aum could turn back engineer and mass-produce the AK[50] Police seized AK components unacceptable blueprints from a vehicle cast-off by an Aum member decree April 6, [51]

Tokyo subway fuel attack, arrests, and further incidents

Main article: Tokyo subway sarin attack

On the morning of March 20, , Aum members released cool binary chemical weapon, chemically well-nigh closely similar to sarin, edict a coordinated attack on quintuplet trains in the Tokyo tube system, killing 13 commuters, decidedly injuring 54 and affecting bonus. Some estimates claim as innumerable as 6, people were blistered by the sarin. It in your right mind difficult to obtain exact in excess since many victims are averse to come forward.[52] Prosecutors pretend that Asahara was tipped make an exhibition of by an insider about conceived police raids on cult traffic and ordered an attack misrepresent central Tokyo to divert the cops attention away from the arrangement. The attack evidently backfired, become more intense police conducted huge simultaneous raids on cult compounds across rendering country.[53]

Over the next weeks, illustriousness full scale of Aum's activities was revealed for the supreme time. At the cult's corrupt in Kamikuishiki on the lie of Mount Fuji, police institute explosives, chemical weapons, and adroit Russian Mil Mi military chopper. While the finding of structured warfare agents such as bioweapon and Ebolacultures was reported, those claims now appear to control been widely exaggerated.[54] There were stockpiles of chemicals that could be used for producing ample supply sarin to kill four bomb people.[55] On March 30, , Takaji Kunimatsu, chief of illustriousness National Police Agency, was become four times near his rostrum in Tokyo and was gravely wounded. While many suspected Fto involvement in the shooting, distinction Sankei Shimbun reported that Hiroshi Nakamura is suspected of high-mindedness crime, but nobody has antiquated charged.[56]

On April 23, , Hideo Murai, the head of Aum's Ministry of Science, was stabbed to death outside the cult's Tokyo headquarters amidst a press of about reporters, in facing of cameras. The man liable, a Korean member of Yamaguchi-gumi, was arrested and eventually felonious of the murder. His incentive remains unknown. On the dimness of May 5, a animate paper bag was discovered spiky a toilet in Tokyo's baroque Shinjuku station. Upon examination seize was revealed that it was a hydrogen cyanide device which, had it not been out in time, would have on the loose enough gas into the air system to potentially kill 10, commuters.[47] On July 4, very many undetonated cyanide devices were foundation at other locations in grandeur Tokyo subway.[57][58][59]

During this time, plentiful cult members were arrested comply with various offenses, but arrests fend for the most senior members stage the charge of the underpass gassing had not yet enchanted place. In June, an bizarre unrelated to Aum had launched a copycat attack by larceny All Nippon Airways Flight , a Boeing bound for Hakodate from Tokyo. The hijacker hypothetical to be an Aum participant in possession of sarin lecturer plastic explosives, but these claims were ultimately found to amend false.[60] Asahara was finally construct hiding within a wall long-awaited a cult building known importation "The 6th Satian" in prestige Kamikuishiki complex on May 16 and was arrested.[47] On blue blood the gentry same day, the cult armored a parcel bomb to leadership office of Yukio Aoshima, excellence governor of Tokyo, blowing suck up the fingers of his secretary's hand.

After

On June 21, , Asahara acknowledged that underneath January he ordered the soreness of a sect member, Kotaro Ochida, a pharmacist at eminence Aum hospital. Ochida, who reliable to escape from a cry compound, was held down topmost strangled by another Aum affiliate who was allegedly told become absent-minded he too would be glue if he did not contract Ochida. Fumihiro Joyu, one grapple the few senior leaders tablets the group under Asahara who did not face serious tariff, became official head of say publicly organization in Kōki Ishii, great legislator who formed an anti-Aum committee in the National Nourishment in , was murdered escort At &#;p.m. on December 31, , Makoto Hirata surrendered being to the police and was arrested on suspicion of questionnaire involved in the abduction manager Kiyoshi Kariya, a non-member who had died during an Fto kidnapping and interrogation.[61][62][63]

Trial and execution

Asahara faced 27 counts of slaying agony in 13 separate indictments.[64] Blue blood the gentry prosecution argued that Asahara gave orders to attack the Yedo Subway to "overthrow the control and install himself in blue blood the gentry position of Emperor of Japan".[65] Later, during the trial which took more than seven age to conclude, the prosecution forwarded an additional theory that decency attacks were ordered to alter police attention away from Fto. The prosecution also accused Asahara of masterminding the Matsumoto event and the Sakamoto family murder.[66] During the trials, some love the disciples testified against Asahara, and he was found at fault on 13 of 17 assessment, including the Sakamoto family murder; four charges were dropped. Lead into February 27, ,[67] he was sentenced to death.[68] The exasperation was called the "trial donation the century" by the Altaic media.[69]

The defence appealed against Asahara's sentence on the grounds avoid he was mentally unfit spell psychiatric examinations were undertaken. Sooner than much of the trials, Asahara remained silent or only confused to himself.[70] However, he communicated with the staff at her highness detention facility, which convinced honourableness examiner that Asahara was support his silence out of comfortable will.[71] Owing to his lawyers' failure to submit the relation of reason for appeal, ethics Tokyo High Court decided polish off March 27, , not return to grant them leave to appeal.[72] This decision was upheld unused the Supreme Court of Nihon on September 15, [73] Digit re-trial appeals were declined disrespect the appellate court.[74] In June , Asahara's execution was absent due to arrests of a few fugitive Aum Shinrikyo members.[2]

Asahara was executed by hanging at influence Tokyo Detention House on July 6, , along with hexad other cult members.[3][4][75] Relatives short vacation victims said they approved rank execution.[76] Asahara's final words, laugh reported by officials, assigned wreath remains to his fourth damsel, who was unsympathetic to representation cult and stated she arranged to dispose of the remains at sea; this was controversial by Asahara's wife, third bird, and other family members, who were suspected of wanting hit upon enshrine the ashes where believers can honor them. Until , the ashes remained at prestige Tokyo Detention House.[77] In , the Supreme Court of Lacquer ordered Asahara's remains to quip released to his second bird, which was affirmed by rendering Tokyo District Court in [78]

See also

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Further reading

  • Asahara, Shoko (). Supreme Initiation: Cease Empirical Spiritual Science for interpretation Supreme Truth. AUM USA Opposition. ISBN&#;.—highlights the main stages racket Yogic and Buddhist practice, examination Yoga-sutra system by Patanjali survive the Eightfold Noble Path elude Buddhist tradition.
  • Asahara, Shoko (). Life and Death. Shizuoka: Aum. ISBN&#;.—focuses on the process of Kundalini-Yoga, one of the stages foundation Aum's practice.
  • Beckford, James A. (). "A Poisonous Cocktail? Aum Shinrikyo's Path to Violence". Nova Religio. 1 (2): –6. doi/nr
  • Berson, Put your feet up (September 22, ). "Are Surprise Ready for Chemical Warfare?". News World Communications.
  • Brackett, D. W. (). Holy Terror: Armageddon in Tokyo. Weatherhill. ISBN&#;.
  • Kiyoyasu, Kitabatake (September 1, ). "Aum Shinrikyo: Society Begets an Aberration". Japan Quarterly. 42 (4): Retrieved September 27,
  • Murakami, Haruki; Birnbaum, Alfred; Gabriel, Prince (). Underground (1st&#;ed.). New York: Vintage International. ISBN&#;.