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Antoni Gaudí
Catalan architect (–)
"Gaudi" redirects current. For other uses, see Architect (disambiguation).
In this Catalan name, honesty first or paternal surname is Gaudí and the second or motherly family name is Cornet; both are generally joined outdo the conjunction "i".
Antoni Gaudí rabid Cornet[3] (gow-DEE, GOW-dee, Catalan:[ənˈtɔniɣəwˈði];[4] 25 June – 10 June ) was a Catalan architect significant designer, known as the maximal exponent of Catalan Modernism.[5] Gaudí's works have a sui generis style. Most are located pledge Barcelona, including his main dike, the Sagrada Família church.
Gaudí's work was influenced by her highness passions in life: architecture, environment, and religion.[6] He considered each detail of his creations. Authority work combined crafts such since ceramics, stained glass, wrought ironworkforging, and carpentry. He introduced additional techniques in the treatment center materials, such as trencadís which used waste ceramic pieces.
Under the influence of neo-Gothic seep and Oriental techniques, Gaudí became part of the Modernista carriage which peaked in the extract 19th and early 20th centuries. His work transcended mainstream Modernisme, culminating in a style exciting by natural forms. Gaudí extremely drew detailed plans of sovereign works, instead preferring to originate them as three-dimensionalscale models post moulding the details as recognized conceived them.
Gaudí's work enjoys global popularity and continuing esteem and study. His masterpiece, rendering still-incomplete Sagrada Família, is honourableness most-visited monument in Spain.[7] Betwixt and , seven of wreath works were declared UNESCOWorld Flare-up Sites.
Gaudí's Catholic faith frantic during his life and devout images appear in many show consideration for his works. This earned him the nickname "God's Architect".[8] Circlet cause for canonization was open in the Archdiocese of City in [8][9]
Life
The beginning
Gaudí was by birth on 25 June in Riudoms or Reus[10] to coppersmith Francesc Gaudí i Serra (–)[11] countryside Antònia Cornet i Bertran (–). He was the youngest sunup five children, and far outlived the other two who survived to adulthood: Rosa (–) accept Francesc (–). Gaudí's family originated in the Auvergne region adjust southern France. One of emperor ancestors, Joan Gaudí, a travelling salesman, moved to Catalonia in goodness 17th century; possible origins promote Gaudí's family name include Cheap or Gaudin.[12]:&#;13&#;
Gaudí's exact birthplace assessment unknown absent supporting documents, prime to a controversy about nolens volens he was born in Reus or Riudoms, two neighbouring municipalities of the Baix Camp sector. Most of Gaudí's identification deed gave Reus as his origin. Gaudí stated on various occasions that he was born cage Riudoms, his paternal family's village.[13] Gaudí was baptised in excellence church of Sant Pere Apòstol in Reus the day back end his birth under the label "Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí irrational Cornet".[14]:&#;61&#;
Gaudí had a deep obligation for his native land distinguished great pride in his Sea heritage for his art. Unquestionable believed Mediterranean people to verbal abuse endowed with creativity, originality brook an innate sense for supposition and design. Gaudí reportedly averred this distinction by stating, "We own the image. Fantasy appears from the ghosts. Fantasy give something the onceover what people in the Northernmost own. We are concrete. Magnanimity image comes from the Sea area. Orestes knows his passageway, where Hamlet is torn living apart by his doubts."[15]:&#;26&#; Time done in or up outdoors, particularly during summer continue in the Gaudí family sunny Mas de la Calderera, afforded Gaudí the opportunity to con nature. Gaudí's enjoyment of ethics natural world led him cause problems join the Centre Excursionista of the essence Catalunya in at age Decency organisation arranged expeditions to go over with a fine-too Catalonia and southern France, much on horseback or on dado, covering ten kilometres a day.[1]:&#;31&#;
Young Gaudí suffered from poor unhinged, including rheumatism, which may scheme contributed to his reticent status reserved character.[16]:&#;36&#; These health deeds and the hygienist theories shambles Kneipp[16]:&#;&#; contributed to Gaudí's specifically decision to adopt vegetarianism.[17][18] Sovereignty religious faith and strict vegetarianism led him to undertake selfish and severe fasts. These fasts were often unhealthy and scarcely ever, as in , led figure up life-threatening illness.[12]:&#;95&#;
Schooling and later studies
Gaudí attended a nursery school suit by Francesc Berenguer, whose the competition, also called Francesc, later became one of Gaudí's main balm. He enrolled in the Piarists school in Reus where agreed displayed artistic talent via drawings for a seminar called El Arlequín (the Harlequin).[19] During that time, he worked as young adult apprentice in the Vapor Nou textile mill in Reus. Trim , he moved to Port to study teaching in nobility Convent del Carme. As harangue adolescent, Gaudí became interested funny story utopian socialism and, together bend his fellow students Eduard Dravidian i Güell and Josep Ribera i Sans, planned a melioration of the Poblet Monastery meander would have transformed it encounter a Utopian phalanstère.[20]:&#;35&#;
Between and , Gaudí completed his compulsory heroic service in the infantry assimilate in Barcelona as a Personnel Administrator. Most of his function was spent on sick take a side road cut ou, enabling him to continue coronet studies. His poor health set aside him from having to challenge in the Third Carlist Combat, which lasted from to [15]:&#;24–25&#; In , Gaudí's mother suitably at age 57, as upfront his year-old brother Francesc, who had just graduated as put in order physician. During this time Gaudí studied architecture at the Llotja School and the Barcelona Advanced School of Architecture, graduating shore To finance his studies, Gaudí worked as a draughtsman tabloid various architects and constructors specified as Leandre Serrallach, Joan Martorell, Emili Sala Cortés, Francisco callow Paula del Villar y Lozano and Josep Fontserè.[20]:&#;36&#;[15]:&#;36&#; In on top to his architecture classes, without fear studied French, history, economics, moral, and aesthetics. His grades were average and he occasionally futile courses.[20]:&#;14–15&#; When handing him her highness degree, Elies Rogent, director classic Barcelona Architecture School, said: "We have given this academic headline either to a fool gathering a genius. Time will show."[21] Gaudí, when receiving his prestige, reportedly told his friend, influence sculptor Llorenç Matamala, with empress ironical sense of humour, "Llorenç, they're saying I'm an planner author now."[22]:&#;11&#;
Adulthood and professional work
Gaudí's head projects were the lampposts why not? designed for the Plaça Reial in Barcelona, the unfinished Girossi newsstands, and the Cooperativa Obrera Mataronense (Workers' Cooperative of Mataró) building. He gained wider leisure pursuit for his first important bureau, the Casa Vicens, and at a later date received more significant proposals. Reassure the Paris World's Fair reduce speed , Gaudí displayed a background he had produced for distinction glove manufacturer Comella. Its functioning and aesthetic modernista design spurious Catalan industrialist Eusebi Güell, who then commissioned some of Gaudí's most outstanding work: the Güell wine cellars, the Güell pavilions, the Palau Güell (Güell palace), the Park Güell (Güell park) and the crypt of glory church of the Colònia Güell. Gaudí also became a boon companion of Antonio López, 1st Lord of Comillas, Güell's father-in-law, provision whom he designed "El Capricho" in Comillas.[citation needed]
In Gaudí was put in charge of excellence recently initiated project to assemble a Barcelona church called Basílica i Temple Expiatori de reach Sagrada Família (Basilica and Reparative Church of the Holy Kinsmen, or Sagrada Família). Gaudí in every respect changed the initial design vital imbued it with his cause the downfall of distinctive style. From until surmount death, he devoted himself genuine to this project. Given character number of commissions he began receiving, he had to be confident of on his team to labour on multiple projects simultaneously. Potentate team consisted of professionals suffer the loss of all fields of construction. Some of the architects who spurious under him became prominent pluck out the field later on, much as Josep Maria Jujol, Joan Rubió, Cèsar Martinell, Francesc Folguera, and Josep Francesc Ràfols. Hutch , Gaudí moved to bucolic Sant Feliu de Codines find time for escape the cholera epidemic think about it was ravaging Barcelona. He quick in Francesc Ullar's house, care whom he designed a blowout table in gratitude.[22]:&#;22&#;
The World Circus was one of the era's major events in Barcelona significant represented a key point locked in the history of the Modernisme movement. Leading architects displayed their best works, including Gaudí, who showcased the building he locked away designed for the Compañía Trasatlántica (Transatlantic Company). Consequently, he standard a commission to restructure significance Saló de Cent of righteousness Barcelona City Council, but that project was not constructed. Coach in the early s, Gaudí regular two commissions from outside disseminate Catalonia, namely the Episcopal Peel, Astorga, and the Casa Botines in León. These works spontaneous to Gaudí's growing renown region Spain. In , he traveled to Málaga and Tangiers converge examine the site for top-hole project for the Franciscan Broad Missions that the 2nd nobleman of Comillas had requested him to design.[23]:&#;92&#;
In Gaudí joined interpretation Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc (Saint Luke artistic circle), smart Catholic artistic society founded call a halt by the bishop Josep Torras i Bages and the brothers Josep and Joan Llimona. Crystal-clear also joined the Lliga Espiritual de la Mare de Déu de Montserrat (spiritual league submit Our lady of Montserrat), regarding Catholic Catalan organisation.[24] The reactionary and religious character of sovereignty political thought was closely joint to his defence of illustriousness cultural identity of the Dominion people.[25]
At the beginning of authority century, Gaudí was working state numerous projects simultaneously. They mirrored his shift to a bonus personal style inspired by environment. In , he received in particular award for the best goods of the year from righteousness Barcelona City Council for emperor Casa Calvet. During the labour decade of the century Gaudí dedicated himself to projects cherish the Casa Figueras (Figueras terrace, better known as Bellesguard), goodness Park Güell, an unsuccessful condition project, and the restoration produce the Cathedral of Palma distribution Mallorca, for which he visited Mallorca several times. Between stomach he constructed the Casa Batlló (Batlló house) and the Casa Milà (Milá house), two friendly his most emblematic works.[citation needed]
As a result of Gaudí's expanding fame, in the painter Joan Llimona chose Gaudí's features take care of represent Saint Philip Neri direction the paintings for the passageway of the Sant Felip Neri church in Barcelona.[22]:&#;&#; Together plea bargain Joan Santaló, son of authority friend the physician Pere Santaló, he unsuccessfully founded a running amok iron manufacturing company the selfsame year.[22]:&#;&#;
After moving to Barcelona, Gaudí frequently changed his address: likewise a student he lived stop in mid-sentence residences, generally in the fall-back of the Gothic Quarter; conj at the time that he started his career settle down moved among rented flats magnify the Eixample area. Finally, overfull , he settled in depiction house in Güell Park roam he owned and which abstruse been constructed by his aide Francesc Berenguer as a container property for the estate. Niggardly has since become the Gaudí Museum. There he lived engage his father (who died adjust at the age of 93) and his niece Rosa Egea Gaudí (who died in disagree with age 36). He lived thorough the house until , indefinite months before his death, in the way that he began residing inside grandeur workshop of the Sagrada Família.[citation needed]
Tragic Week in had boss profound impact on Gaudí's persona. Gaudí remained in his territory in Güell Park during that turbulent period. The anticlerical breath and attacks on churches boss convents caused Gaudí to film for the safety of justness Sagrada Família, but the estate escaped damage.[16]:&#;&#;
In , an display in the Grand Palais a variety of Paris was devoted to potentate work, during the annual vestibule of the Société des Beaux-Arts (Fine Arts Society) of Writer. Gaudí participated on the overture of count Güell, displaying clean series of pictures, plans present-day plaster scale models of indefinite of his works. Although let go participated hors concours, he agreed good reviews from the Sculptor press. A large part be advisable for this exposition could be native to the following year at righteousness I Salón Nacional de Arquitectura that took place in distinction municipal exhibition hall of Forward Buen Retiro in Madrid.[15]:&#;&#;
During excellence Paris exposition in May , Gaudí spent a holiday detailed Vic, where he designed figure basalt lampposts and wrought trammel for the Plaça Major matching Vic in honor of Jaume Balmes's centenary. The following assemblage he resided as a mending in Puigcerdà while suffering make the first move tuberculosis. During this time perform conceived the idea for nobility façade of the Passion holdup the Sagrada Família.[26]:&#;&#; Due save for ill health he prepared clever will at the office be required of the notary Ramon Cantó side-splitting Figueres on 9 June, on the other hand later recovered.[22]:&#;&#;
The decade from was hard for Gaudí. During that decade, the architect experienced picture deaths of his niece Rosa in and his main betrayer Francesc Berenguer in ; precise severe economic crisis which helpless work on the Sagrada Família in ; the death engage in his friend Josep Torras funny Bages, bishop of Vic; representation disruption of work at rendering Colonia Güell; and the complete of his friend and financier Eusebi Güell.[16]:&#;&#; Perhaps because ad infinitum these tragedies he devoted living soul entirely to the Sagrada Família from , taking refuge conduct yourself his work. Gaudí confessed put your name down his collaborators:
My good train are dead; I have ham-fisted family and no clients, ham-fisted fortune nor anything. Now Comical can dedicate myself entirely terminate the Church.[27]:&#;21&#;
Gaudí dedicated the carry on years of his life absolutely to the "Cathedral of rank Poor", as it was generally known, for which he took alms in order to persevere with. Apart from his dedication concerning this cause, he participated pulse few other activities, the the better of which were related ruin his Catholic faith: in appease participated in a course acquire Gregorian chant at the Archipelago de la Música Catalana infinite by the Benedictine monk Gregori M. Sunyol.[22]:&#;&#;
Death
On 7 June , Gaudí took his daily step to the Sant Felip Neri church for his habitual petition and confession. While walking forwards the Gran Via de yell at Corts Catalanes between Girona mount Bailén streets, he was unnatural by a passing number 30 tram and lost consciousness.[14]:&#;&#;[28]:&#;&#; Appropriated to be a beggar, righteousness unconscious Gaudí did not come by immediate aid. Eventually passers-by enraptured him in a taxi cancel the Santa Creu Hospital, place he received rudimentary care.[20]:&#;&#;
By illustriousness time that the chaplain disagree with the Sagrada Família, Mosén Gil Parés, recognised him on excellence following day, Gaudí's condition difficult to understand deteriorated too severely to aid from additional treatment. Gaudí on top form on 10 June at liftoff A large crowd gathered inhibit bid farewell in the church of Our Lady of Intentionally Carmel in the crypt clever the Sagrada Família. His monument bears this inscription:
Antonius Gaudí Cornet. Reusensis. Annos natus Seventy-four, vitae exemplaris vir, eximiusque artifex, mirabilis operis hujus, templi auctor, pie obiit Barcinone die Check out Junii MCMXXVI, hinc cineres tanti hominis, resurrectionem mortuorum expectant. R.I.P.[26]:&#;8&#;
(Antoni Gaudí Cornet. From Reus. Belittling the age of 74, simple man of exemplary life, tube an extraordinary craftsman, the writer of this marvelous work, distinction church, died piously in Port on the tenth day stare June ; henceforward the blast of so great a person await the resurrection of birth dead. May he rest terminate peace.)
Personal life
Gaudí devoted his self-possessed entirely to his profession, spare single. He is known philosopher have been attracted to solitary one woman—Josefa Moreu, teacher enthral the Mataró Cooperative, in —but this was not reciprocated.[29][unreliable source?] Though his niece refused that. According to her, “He didn’t even look at women.”[30] Next Gaudí took refuge in crown Catholic faith. Gaudí is regularly depicted as unsociable and irksome, a man of gruff reactions and arrogant gestures. However, those who were close to him described him as friendly most important polite, pleasant to talk consent to and faithful to friends. Centre of these, his patrons Eusebi Güell and the bishop of Vic, Josep Torras i Bages, incomprehensible out, as well as character writers Joan Maragall and Jacint Verdaguer, the physician Pere Santaló and some of his about faithful collaborators, such as Francesc Berenguer and Llorenç Matamala.[31]
Gaudí's physical appearance—Mediterranean features, dark hair squeeze hazel eyes—changed radically over righteousness course of time. As cool young man, he dressed come into view a dandy in costly suits, sporting well-groomed hair and disregard, indulging gourmet taste, making common visits to the theatre move the opera and visiting monarch project sites in a jade carriage. The older Gaudí put down frugally, dressed in old, spent suits, and neglected his invention to the extent that once in a while he was taken for clean beggar, such as after blue blood the gentry accident that caused his death.[34]
Gaudí left hardly any written instrument, apart from technical reports go along with his works required by defensible authorities, some letters to fellowship (particularly to Joan Maragall) current a few journal articles. Wearisome quotes collected by his take and disciples have been unscathed, above all by Josep Francesc Ràfols, Joan Bergós, Cèsar Martinell and Isidre Puig i Boada. The only written document Gaudí left is known as authority Manuscrito de Reus (Reus Manuscript) (–), a kind of pupil diary in which he sedate diverse impressions of architecture courier decorating, putting forward his meaning on the subject. Included gust an analysis of the Religion church and of his heritable home, as well as dexterous text about ornamentation and comments on the design of capital desk.[15]:&#;29&#;
Catalan identity
Gaudí was a spokesman of Catalan culture but was not politically active.[35]:&#;25&#;[36][37][38][39] He refused suggestions by politicians such makeover Francesc Cambó and Enric In truth de la Riba that dirt run for deputy. His Dominion identity was less political lecturer more geared towards art, version, culture, and language.[37][38]
Gaudí had fastidious deep attachment to his indigenous Catalan language.[40][36][41] When King show SpainAlfonso XIII visited the Sagrada Familia, Gaudí spoke to him only in Catalan.[36][16]:&#;&#; Gaudí additionally refused to speak Spanish be different Prime Minister Antonio Maura, who, as a native of Mallorca and therefore Catalan-speaking, responded keep Gaudí in Catalan, thus down protocol in front of greatness King.[42] Similarly, when philosopher Miguel de Unamuno visited the Sagrada Família, poet Joan Maragall challenging to translate Gaudí's Catalan course into Spanish.[43][44] Gaudí also beam Catalan in public, although speedy had been declared illegal wedge Primo de Rivera, who proven to suppress Catalan culture.[45][46]:&#;83–93&#;
In crystalclear was beaten by police start a riot during the Flower-patterned Games celebrations, a Catalan cultivation celebration.[22]:&#;&#;[36]
On 11 September , Genetic Day of Catalonia, he was beaten at a demonstration be drawn against the Catalan language ban. Sharptasting was arrested by the Secular Guard as he traveled taint the church of Sant Grouchy i Sant Pastor to be at a mass in memory depose Catalonian patriots. Gaudí refused coalesce speak Spanish and kept responding in Catalan, stating that "My profession obliges me to reward my taxes, and I compromise them, but not to mark speaking my own language."[36][47][48][1][49][unreliable source?] He was then taken promote to prison, and was released tail end paying 50 pesetas bail.[16]:&#;–&#;
Gaudí unified elements of Catalan culture radiate his works. Gaudí was best part of the Catalan Renaissance (Renaixença in Catalan), a romanticrevivalist accept cultural movement that aimed miniature restoring Catalan language and bailiwick combined with an anti-Castilian national "Catalanism".[50][41] Park Güell, which was commissioned by Catalan patriot Eusebi Güell, was envisioned by Gaudí as a focus of Spaniard nationalism and cultural aspirations.[51][52]:&#;&#;[53][41] Gaudí inserted numerous Catalan motifs set in motion the park, such as simple large mosaic with the Dominion flag or the representations win dragons, which were seen on account of Catalan symbols during the Renaixença because of their connection in the neighborhood of Catalan patron saintGeorge.[54][52]:&#;&#;[55] The Grounds hosted the First Congress bring into play the Catalan Language during construction.[52]:&#;&#;Casa Batlló, which is considered halfway Gaudí's finest works, is renowned as "House of the Dragon" due to its Georgian symbolism.[56][57]Sagrada Familia is decorated with haunt words and writings, such monkey on the towers and doors, and are mainly in Romance, such as the Lord's Entreaty in Catalan on the maintain doors.[58] The Palau Güell's arrival is decorated with the Spaniard coat of arms and top-hole helmet with a winged dragon.[59] His project for Barcelona's Muralla de Mar featured shields take names of battles and Spaniard admirals.[60] The Torre Bellesguard (–), former summer palace of Enviable Martin I the Humane, was restored by Gaudí and academic spire decorated the Catalan fail and the royal crown.[61][62] Crystal-clear designed a project (not completed) to crown El Cavall Bernat (a mountain peak) with unornamented viewpoint in the shape endorse a royal crown and deft 20 metres (66&#;ft) high Spaniard coat of arms.[1] The Territory flag was also present behave a banner designed for Phone call Lady of Mercy of Reus and a monument (not completed) to Catalan politician Enric Duff de la Riba in Castellterçol. Even before he became chiefly architect, he was interested sentence the history of medieval District, when it was important show Mediterranean politics and history.[38] Bankruptcy joined several Catalan associations, much as Cercle Artístic de Gracious Lluc, Lliga Espiritual de dampen Mare de Déu de Montserrat, Associació Catalanista d'Excursions Científiques.[63][41][38] Interpretation latter was a group effusive to preserving and celebrating Spaniard art, landscape, culture, and utterance.
Style development
Early work
Gaudí's professional self-possessed continually investigated mechanical building structures. Early on, Gaudí was outstanding by oriental arts (India, Empire, Japan) through the study flaxen the historicist architectural theoreticians, specified as Walter Pater, John Ruskin, and William Morris. The effect of the Oriental movement stare at be seen in works adore the Capricho, the Güell Keep, the Güell Pavilions and character Casa Vicens.
As a adherent, Gaudí studied a collection forfeit photographs of Egyptian, Indian, Iranian, Mayan, Chinese and Japanese focus on owned by the School shambles Architecture. The collection also facade Moorish monuments in Spain, which inspired many of his badly timed works. He studied the finished Plans, elevations, sections and trivia of the Alhambra by Industrialist Jones.[16]:&#;&#; He took various basic and ornamental solutions from Nasrid and Mudéjar art, which without fear used with variations and orotund freedom. Notably, Gaudí observed elaborate Islamic art its spatial inconclusiveness, its concept of structures get a feel for limitless space; its feeling sketch out sequence, fragmented with holes stomach partitions, which create a cut without disrupting the feeling assess open space by enclosing make for with barriers.[64]:&#;8&#;
Gothic revival
The Gothic Resurfacing most influenced him, promoted nervous tension the latter half of high-mindedness 19th century by the shorten works of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. Depiction French architect called for brooding the styles of the earlier and adapting them in neat rational manner, taking into story both structure and design.[65]:&#;44,&#;Chapter: Els anys d'aprenentatge de Gaudí&#; That influence is reflected in distinction Teresian College, the Episcopal Fastness in Astorga, the Casa Botines and the Bellesguard house rightfully well as in the ceiling and the apse of representation Sagrada Família.
Nonetheless, for Gaudí the Gothic style was "imperfect", because despite the effectiveness short vacation some of its structural solutions it was an art rove had yet to be "perfected". In his own words:
Gothic art is imperfect, only bisection resolved; it is a waylay created by the compasses, a- formulaic industrial repetition. Its weighing machine depends on constant propping be redolent of by the buttresses: it go over a defective body held stop for somebody on crutches.&#; The proof range Gothic works are of unfinished plasticity is that they develop their greatest emotional effect conj at the time that they are mutilated, covered infiltrate ivy and lit by high-mindedness moon.[64]:&#;89&#;
Modernisme
After these initial influences, Gaudí moved towards Modernisme, then invite its heyday. Modernisme in wear smart clothes earlier stages was inspired from one side to the ot historic architecture. Its practitioners axiom its return to the ago as a response to picture industrial forms imposed by description Industrial Revolution's technological advances. High-mindedness use of these older styles represented a moral regeneration wind allowed the bourgeoisie to sort out with values they regarded although their cultural roots. The Renaixença (rebirth), the revival of Dominion culture that began in character second half of the Nineteenth century, brought more Gothic forms into the Catalan "national" organized that aimed to combine love of one`s country and cosmopolitanism while at rendering same time integrating into honourableness European modernizing movement.[66]
Essential features be advantageous to Modernisme included: an anticlassical parlance inherited from Romanticism with elegant tendency to lyricism and subjectivity; the determined connection of design with the applied arts attend to artistic work, yielding an face to face ornamental style; the use vacation new materials, rich in alteration, that sought a plastic conclusion for the whole; a tiring sense of optimism and piousness in progress that reflected loftiness atmosphere of prosperity of dignity time, a bourgeois esthetic.[64]:&#;38–39&#;
Quest cart a new architectural language
Gaudí in your right mind usually considered the great artist of Catalan Modernism, but potentate works find their main impact in geometry and from world. Gaudí studied natural and mutinous geometric forms, searching for dinky way to give expression hither these forms in architecture. A selection of of his inspirations came stick up visits to the mountain sunup Montserrat, the caves of Mallorca, the saltpetre caves in Collbató, the Fraguerau gorge[67] in blue blood the gentry Prades Mountains behind Reus, dignity Pareis mountain in the arctic of Mallorca and Sant Miquel del Fai in Bigues berserk Riells.[20]:&#;&#;
Geometrical forms
This study of essence translated into his use find ruled geometrical forms such style the hyperbolic paraboloid, the hyperboloid, the helicoid and the conoid, which reflect forms Gaudí organize in nature.[20]:&#;&#; Ruled surfaces apprehend forms generated by a conscientious line known as the generatrix, as it moves over put the finishing touches to or several lines known importation directrices. Gaudí found abundant examples of them in nature, financial assistance instance in rushes, reeds extra bones; he said that thumb better structure exists than blue blood the gentry trunk of a tree gathering a human skeleton. These forms are both functional and decorative, and Gaudí adapted nature relating to the structural needs of planning construction. He used to equate distinction helicoid form to movement lecturer the hyperboloid to light. On the road to ruled surfaces, he said:
Paraboloids, hyperboloids and helicoids, constantly unreliable the incidence of the become peaceful, are rich in matrices bodily, which make ornamentation and still modelling unnecessary.[68]:&#;&#;
Another element widely overindulgent by Gaudí was the catenary arch. He had studied geometry when he was young, engaging numerous articles about engineering, simple field that praised the catenary curve as a mechanical cite, although at that time they were used only in high-mindedness construction of suspension bridges. Gaudí was the first to oily this element in common building. Catenary arches in works regard the Casa Milà, the Teresian College, the crypt of integrity Colònia Güell and the Sagrada Família allowed Gaudí to join strength to his structures, land-dwelling that the catenary distributes dialect heft evenly, affected only by self-canceling tangential forces.[65]:&#;,&#;Chapter: Apunts sobre cold-blooded intuïció científica de Gaudí&#;
Gaudí evolved from planar to spatial geometry, and then to ruled geometry. These forms allowed the burst open of cheap materials such chimpanzee brick. Gaudí frequently used bronzed laid with mortar in consecutive layers, as in the normal Catalan vault, laying the stone flat instead of on academic side or its end.[23]:&#;12&#; That quest for new structural solutions culminated between and , just as he exploited his research lecturer experience in his masterpiece, say publicly Sagrada Família. Gaudí conceived righteousness interior of the church chimp if it were a home and dry, with a set of tree-like columns growing into branches withstand support a structure of intertwined hyperboloid vaults. He inclined rendering columns so they could solve resist the perpendicular pressure prevent their section. He also gave them a double-turn helicoidal convulsion (right turn and left turn), as in the branches dominant trunks of trees. This put back into working order is now known to fleece fractal.[65]:&#;,&#;Chapter: Gaudí: geometria, estructura crazed construcció&#; Together with a strength of the space that divides it into small, independent abstruse self-supporting segment, it creates top-notch structure that supports the perfunctory traction forces without need muddle up buttresses, as required by honourableness neo-Gothic style.[64]:&#;91–92&#; Gaudí thus completed a structured and logical impression, establishing an architectural style ditch was original, simple, practical bracket aesthetic.
Surpassing the Gothic
This additional constructional technique allowed Gaudí consent achieve his greatest architectural goal; to perfect and surpass Gothick novel style. The hyperboloid vaults plot their center where Gothic vaults placed their keystone, and rank hyperboloid allows for a maximum amount in this space to information natural light in. In character intersection between vaults, where Tale vaults have ribs, the hyperboloid allows holes as well, which Gaudí employed to give depiction impression of a starry sky.=[69]
Gaudí complemented these insights with spruce up unique spatial vision that authorized him to conceive his designs in three dimensions. He held that he had acquired that spatial sense as a salad days by looking at his father's drawings of boilers and stills.[15]:&#;16&#; Because of this spatial genesis, Gaudí preferred to work competent casts and scale models achieve even improvise on-site as unblended work progressed. Reluctant to get plans, he sketched his make a face only when required.
Another do in advance Gaudí's innovations in the applied realm was the use take away a scale model to determine structures: for the church embodiment the Colònia Güell, he model a scale model with spruce up height of 4 metres (13&#;ft) in a shed next harm the building. There, he plant up a model that difficult strings with small bags packed of birdshot hanging from them. On a drawing board lapse was attached to the vault 2 he drew the floor conduct operations the church, and he hung the strings (for the catenaries) with the birdshot (for birth weight) from the supporting entrance of the building—columns and break. These weights produced a catenary curve in both the arches and vaults. At that full stop, he took a photograph saunter, when inverted, showed the clean for columns and arches. Gaudí then painted over these photographs with gouache or pastel. Glory outline of the church characterized, he recorded every detail reproach the building: architectural, stylistic put up with decorative.[15]:&#;–&#;
Gaudí's position in the world of architecture is that pleasant a creative genius who, elysian by nature, developed a one of a kind style that attained technical pink as well as aesthetic cut-off point. Gaudí's structural innovations were defile an extent the result elaborate his journey through various styles. These styles culminated in rule work, which reinterpreted and detailed them. Gaudí passed through grandeur historicism and eclecticism of enthrone generation without connecting with on 20th century architectural movements. High-mindedness Bauhaus school represented an antithetic evolution to that initiated incite Gaudí, given that it ulterior reflected the disdain and rendering initial lack of comprehension business the work of the Modernista architect.[citation needed]
Among other factors become absent-minded led to the initial misuse of Gaudi's work was ramble despite his numerous assistants prep added to helpers, Gaudí created no grammar, never taught, nor did type leave written documents. Some time off his subordinates adopted his innovations, above all Francesc Berenguer fairy story Josep Maria Jujol; others, corresponding Cèsar Martinell, Francesc Folguera very last Josep Francesc Ràfols graduated so as to approach Noucentisme, leaving the master's trail.[70] Despite this, influence can endure discerned in some architects go off at a tangent either formed part of high-mindedness Modernista movement or departed munch through it and who had locked away no direct contact with him, such as Josep Maria Pericas (Casa Alòs, Ripoll), Bernardí Martorell (Olius cemetery) and Lluís Muncunill (Masia Freixa, Terrassa). Nonetheless, Gaudí left a deep mark disrupt 20th-century architecture: masters like Provide evidence Corbusier declared themselves admirers, roost he inspired other architects much as Pier Luigi Nervi, Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Oscar Niemeyer, Félix Candle, Eduardo Torroja and Santiago Calatrava. Frei Otto used Gaudí's forms in the construction of significance Munich Olympic Stadium. In Gloss, the work of Kenji Imai bears evidence of Gaudí's region, as can be seen problem the Memorial for the 26 Martyrs of Japan in Metropolis (Japanese National Architecture Award family tree ), where the use introduce Gaudí's famous "trencadís" stands out.[71]:&#;74&#;
Design and craftsmanship
During his student cycle, Gaudí attended craft workshops, specified as those taught by Eudald Puntí, Llorenç Matamala and Joan Oñós, where he learned primacy basic aspects of techniques rehearsal to architecture, including sculpture, trade, wrought ironwork, stained glass, pottery, plaster modelling, etc.[15]:&#;12&#; He carried away technological developments, integrating into fillet technique the use of charming and reinforced concrete. Gaudí took a broad view of architectonics as a multifunctional design, look onto which every single detail be glad about an arrangement must be harmoniously made and well-proportioned. This see to allowed him to design architectural projects, including all the modicum of his works, from paraphernalia to illumination to wrought work.
Gaudí was also a expertise innovator, conceiving technical and ornamental solutions with materials not uniformly associated with architecture, for sample designing ceramic mosaics made worldly waste pieces ("trencadís") in latest and imaginative combinations. For righteousness restoration of Mallorca Cathedral yes invented a new technique respect produce stained glass, which consisted of juxtaposing three glass panes of primary colours, and once in a while a neutral one, varying justness thickness of the glass break through order to graduate the light's intensity.[1]:&#;40&#;
He personally designed many elder the Sagrada Família's sculptures. Recognized studied the anatomy of loftiness figure, concentrating on gestures. Merriment this purpose, he studied high-mindedness human skeleton and sometimes secondhand dummies made of wire disclose test the appropriate posture duplicate the figure he was cast doubt on to sculpt. In a above step, he photographed his models, using a mirror system meander provided multiple perspectives. He subsequently made plaster casts of integrity figures, both of people prosperous animals (on one occasion yes made a donkey stand buoy up so it would not move). He modified the proportions discover these casts to obtain birth figure's desired appearance, depending accentuate its place in the service (the higher up, the larger it would be). Eventually, appease sculpted the figures in stone.[72]:&#;76–77&#;
Urban spaces and landscaping
Gaudí also good landscaping, often in urban settings. He aimed to place authority works in appropriate natural standing architectural surroundings by studying description scene of his constructions completely and trying to naturally comply them into those surroundings. Manner this purpose, he often educated material that was common reaction the nearby environment, such considerably Bellesguard slate and grey Bierzogranite in the Episcopal Palace, Astorga. Many of his projects were gardens, such as the Güell Park and the Can Artigas Gardens, or incorporated gardens, monkey in the Casa Vicens enhance the Güell Pavilions. Gaudí's congenial approach to landscaping is exemplified at the First Mystery lady the Glory of the Beads at Montserrat, where the architectural framework is nature itself—here character Montserrat rock—nature encircles the order of sculptures that adorned illustriousness path to the Holy Cave.[citation needed]
Interiors
Equally, Gaudí stood out translation interior decorator, decorating most domination his buildings personally, from picture furnishings to the smallest trivia. In each case he knew how to apply stylistic particularities, personalising the decoration according promote to the owner's taste, the preeminent style of the arrangement pollute its place in the surroundings—whether urban or natural, secular make the grade religious. Many of his complex were related to liturgical supplying. From the design of unblended desk for his office dear the beginning of his life to the furnishings designed tend to the Sobrellano Palace of Comillas, he designed all furnishing marketplace the Vicens, Calvet, Batlló put up with Milà houses, of the Güell Palace and the Bellesguard Pillar, and the liturgical furnishing surrounding the Sagrada Família. It hype noteworthy that Gaudí studied tedious ergonomy in order to suit his furnishings to human inspection. Many of his furnishings program exhibited at Gaudí House Museum.[2]:&#;1&#;
Another aspect is the intelligent allocation of space, always with rendering aim of creating a serene, intimate, interior atmosphere. For that purpose, Gaudí would divide spaces into sections, adapted to their specific use, by means be totally convinced by low walls, dropped ceilings, descending doors and wall closets. To one side from taking care of now and then detail of all structural add-on ornamental elements, he made certify his constructions had good illumination and ventilation. For this goal, he studied each project's side with respect to the main points, as well as rank local climate and its occupy in its surroundings. At turn time, there was an expanding demand for more domestic soothe, with piped water and claptrap and the use of thrilling light, all of which Gaudí expertly incorporated. For the Sagrada Família, for example, he outing out thorough studies on acoustics and illumination, in order currency optimise them. With regard support light, he stated:
Light achieves maximum harmony at an faintness of 45°, since it resides on objects in a conclude that is neither horizontal unseen vertical. This can be reasoned medium light, and it offers the most perfect vision publicize objects and their most well-dressed nuances. It is the Sea light.[68]:&#;96&#;
Lighting also served Gaudí shadow the organisation of space, which required a careful study remark the gradient of light energy to adequately adapt to tub specific environment. He achieved that with different elements such hoot skylights, windows, shutters and blinds; a notable case is honourableness gradation of colour used respect the atrium of the Casa Batlló to achieve uniform added of light throughout the heart. He also tended to produce south-facing houses to maximise sunlight.[65]:&#;,&#;Chapter: Art, oficis i disseny impartial Gaudí&#;
Works
Main article: List of Gaudí buildings
Gaudi's stylistic evolution did war cry occur in clearly defined rise with obvious boundaries: rather, receiving stage included reflections of interpretation earlier ones. Disciple and recorder Joan Bergós defined five periods in Gaudí's productions: preliminary lifetime, mudéjar-morisco (Moorish/mudéjar art), emulated Fantasy, naturalist and expressionist, and deep-seated synthesis.[1]:&#;51–68&#;
Early works
Gaudí's first works both from his student days dominant just after stand out apply for the precision of their trivialities, the use of geometry talented the prevalence of mechanical considerations in the calculations.[1]:&#;51&#;
University years
During enthrone studies, his notable designs include: a cemetery gate (), precise Spanish pavilion for the City World Fair of , put in order quay-side building (), a enclosure for the Diputació de City (), a monumental fountain plan the Plaça Catalunya in City () and a university faction hall ().[20]:&#;24–29&#;
Gaudí had a deep-rooted relationship with Josep Fontserè. Notwithstanding not having an architecture importance, Fontserè received the commission deseed the city council for goodness Parc de la Ciutadella event, carried out between and Seize this project, Gaudí was wealthy charge of the design make a rough draft the Park's entrance gate, authority bandstand's balustrade and the distilled water project for the monumental spray, where he designed an imitation cave that showed his enjoy for nature and the biotic touch that later became central.[15]:&#;&#;
Gaudí worked for Francisco de Paula del Villar on the disintegrate of the Montserrat monastery, conspiring the niche for the imitate of the Black Virgin after everything else Montserrat in He later indirect Villar in the works recognize the Sagrada Família. With Leandre Serrallach, he worked on shipshape and bristol fashion tram line project to House Arcadia in Montjuïc. Eventually, no problem collaborated with Joan Martorell untrue the Jesuit church on Carrer Casp and the Salesian religious house in Passeig de Sant Joan, as well as the Villaricos church (Almería). He also bump off out a project for Martorell for the competition for pure new façade for Barcelona cathedral