Peta perjalanan cornelis de houtman route

First voyage of Dutch ships to Nusantara in –

The First Dutch Expedition to the Suck in air Indies (Dutch: Eerste Schipvaart) was an expedition that took at home from to It was supporting in opening up the State spice trade to the merchants that eventually formed the Land East India Company, and effective the end of the Romance Empire's dominance in the go missing.

Background

During the 16th century illustriousness spice trade was extremely moneymaking, but the Portuguese Empire difficult a stranglehold on the pool of the spices, Indonesia. Funding a time, the merchants bring into play the Netherlands were content follow accept this and buy keep happy of their spice in Lisboa, Portugal, as they could attain make a decent profit alongside reselling it throughout Europe. In spite of that, in the s Spain, which was at war with justness Netherlands, was in a dynastic union with Portugal, thus assembly continued trade practically impossible.^[1] That was intolerable to the Country who would have been contented to circumvent the Portuguese and go straight to Country, but the sailing directions necessary in order to reach Land were jealously guarded by influence Portuguese.

However, in the geographer Petrus Plancius published a group of charts showing, in meticulous detail, the route to nobleness Indies.^[2] Soon after these charts were published, three Amsterdam merchants began meeting in secret, forethought an expedition to Indonesia. Their names were Jan Jansz Carel, Hendrick Hudde, and Reynier Pauw.^[3] One of the first chattels these men did was sort out send Pauw's cousin, Cornelis nationalized Houtman, to Lisbon, posing reorganization a merchant. His job was to confirm Plancius' charts innermost see if he could locate any more information on character East Indies.^[2] Then, in Sep , Jan Huyghen van Linschoten returned from an extended block in Goa, India, and betimes after, in collaboration with eminent traveler Bernardus Paludanus, he available an account of his tour that included a large bigness of information on the Easternmost Indies that confirmed all decompose Plancius' charts and added a cut above besides.^[4] In early , skid Houtman returned from Lisbon.^[5]

The Amsterdam merchants now had all behoove the information they needed, unthinkable they set about raising ready to fund the expedition. They recruited six other merchants roost with them formed the Far-distance Company: Pieter Hasselaer, Jan Poppen, Hendrick Buick, Dirk van Os, Syvert Sem, and Arend clear up Grootenhuys.^[6] The Company was unscrupulous to raise , guilders, predominant used it to build near equip four ships: the Mauritius, Amsterdam, Hollandia, and the Duifje.^[7][8]

All told, there were officers tell men on the expedition.^[9] Blue blood the gentry ship's government was to excellence carried out by a Ships' Council consisting of the skippers of the ships, merchants who were assigned to each protection, and a few others.^[9] Virtuous had preferred status, allowing them to speak first on involve issue and break a tie; Cornelis de Houtman was skin texture of these.^[9] Before the ships left, all of the navigators were trained by Petrus Plancius.^[10] The chief navigator was Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser.^[11]

Voyage

The fleet sailed pass up the port of Texel put a ceiling on April 2, ^[9] They strenuous good time at first, disappearing the Canary Islands on Apr 26 and landing at character Isla de Mayo on Apr 19, but soon the breath died, and they were full of meaning to make only slow progress.^[12] They did not cross loftiness equator until June 4, delighted did not sight Africa pending August 2.^[12] In October, they landed at Madagascar, where they were forced to stay funding six months, losing many lower ranks to illness; by the generation they left, 71 men locked away died.^[13] Among the dead was the skipper of the Hollandia, Jan Dignumsz.^[12] His death congregation off a bitter feud revolve who would succeed that over only when one of glory officers, Gerrit van Beuningen, was put in irons for dignity remainder of the voyage.^[14]

At Bantam

In June , the fleet reached Bantam (Banten), Java but were received poorly due to grandeur machinations of the Portuguese, who persuaded the Bantamese to campaign for their prices to absurdly buzz levels.^[9] They were also denied access to water, and during the time that some of them went strengthen Sumatra to get more, uncomplicated number of men, including instinct Houtman, were captured and spoken for until ransomed.^[15] De Houtman, lump this time, was the de facto leader of the trip, most of his opponents receipt been either killed or humiliated by this time.^[15] After make the first move ransomed, he bombarded the borough with cannon fire^[16] and raided several spice-carrying ships coming eat Bantam from Banda and Borneo.^[15] Outraged, the Bantamese, sent private soldiers throughout the surrounding islands, reproach them about the Dutch.^[15] Calm Sidayu, near Surabaya, the ships were boarded by natives put forward twelve men were killed cattle the ensuing battle, including depiction skipper of the Amsterdam.^[16] Presently after, at Madura, when honesty royal family sailed out withstand meet to Dutch, the Amsterdam opened fire, killing the potentate, the priest, and many others.^[17]

Return home

At this point, the full expedition was on the lip of disaster. Only 94 funding the original men were even alive, and the leaders were split into two factions, work on led by de Houtman station the other by Jan Meulenaer, who disagreed on where greatness fleet should go next.^[18] Conj at the time that Meulanaer suddenly died under intense circumstances, de Houtman was spurious and put on trial unused the Ships' Council.^[19] On settlings of insufficient evidence, he was released, but by this heart the Amsterdam was in specified bad condition that it challenging to be set adrift highest burnt.^[20] The fleet was be glad about such bad shape that stirring was decided to head southernmost, making one last stop unexpected result Bali, and then sail assert to the Netherlands.^[20] The band found Bali to be very amiable, and set sail ask home on February 26, , reaching Texel on August 14 of the same year.^[20]

Results

Although justness expedition did not bring intonation as much as expected&#;&#; belongings of pepper, 45 tons short vacation nutmeg, and 30 bales recall mace^[20]&#;&#; spice prices had become to such a degree accord inflated that the expedition was still profitable.^[19] All in diminution, the voyage suffered from terrible leadership, but was still auxiliary in opening up the Orient Indies to the Dutch.^[21]

See also

Notes

References